Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff Essay Example for Free

Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff EssayHow does R.C Sherriff present life in the trenches for the soldiers or World War 1 and the conditions they had to assume?In the shape Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff, he describes mevery conditions that the soldiers had to endure. Life in the trenches was bad, but the workforce who were signing up for the war were told that it was all a big game, a walk in the park. However, when they got there they got a shock. R.C. Sherriff wanted to tell them all to know the truth about the war. First he starts the play by describing the living conditionsA pale glimmer of the moonlight shines down the narrow steps into one corner of the sand trap.The words narrow and corner show that they be in a small, narrow and cramped place. Not only was it cramped but it was muddy, cold and wet, and it would be very uncomfortable. If the moonlight can come into the dugout and hit onto a corner of the wall, shows that it is very small and with a company of soldiers li ving their then that will make it even tighter and there wouldnt be ofttimes privacy.The soldiers had to sleep in their uniforms to stay warm, and incase there was an attack at any point, then they would be ready at a mo ments notice.As he guardedly turns his sock this way and that feeling it against his face to see if its dry,Having it on constantly would cause moist to appear in the boots and any crevices in the body so they had to stay as clean as possible. But when they took off their boots, because they had them on for a long time, often their toes would come off as well. When reading this, I thought about how uncomfortable they must feel, and this same message would be out to all other readers, and would put people off from going to war.As well as the cramped, cold and wet conditions, they had to put up with belittled rations of food that tasted horrible, but on occasions, a nice piece of chicken. These are the men that are fighting for our countries, and our lives, and a ll they get is a small ration and a cheer up from the next poor sap who has to suffertrotting horse Whats this?Maison Meat sir.Trotter I know that. What sort?Maison Sort of cutlet, sir.The words sort of cutlet shows that the food that they get is low quality, a sort of centerfield that not good enough to be actual cutlet, and its not good enough to feed the British Army. They are being fed the bare essentials, and if they got any less then I think that they would die from malnutrition. This would also put people off from going to war, because they know that if they are not going to be treated accordingly, and not like animals, then they wont go to war.If the soldiers werent worrying about their food, then they were definitely worrying about the war itself. Many men went mad because of the loud crashes of the bombs and the constant rattle of the guns, some soldiers were so afraid of the war, and because they were told that it was a game, then they would make up conditions so that th ey didnt have to fightI dont think that I can manage any supper tonight, Stanhope. Its this lascivious neuralgia. It seems to be right in cheek this eye. The beastly pain gets worse every day.The words beastly pain and worse shows that the conditions were so bad, that Hibbert would pretend that he had neuralgia so that he could be sent home. There were many men out in the war who didnt want to be there, but had to go, and they would try any thing to get home. Some soldiers, because of the pressure to go out and fight, they would kill themselves, but this was rare.Along with the pressure of war, they had to craft with other things that affected the mind, like sleep and other peoples thoughts. When they didnt get enough sleep they would get agitated and would spend days without sleep, and if they got on the wrong side of someone, then this would agitate them more, and could lead to outburst at the smallest thingsStanhope Sit down.Raleigh Its all right, thanks.Stanhope (Suddenly shou ting) Sit downStanhope had not slept for days and just the little thing of Raleigh getting on the wrong side of him made him snap. R.C. Sherriff shows that Stanhope is angry in the stage directions (Suddenly shouting). He gives the reader the impression that Raleigh, because he is the newest, that he doesnt converge in with the rest of the group, that what he is doing is wrong, because he doesnt know any better. Because of this Stanhope gets very angry very quickly.All of these are ways of showing the conditions in which the men had to face during the war. Not only was it the war itself but the pressure of being in a cramped environment, with lots of other men, in the cold and dirt, with little food. R.C. Sherriff brings to the readers what the conditions of war are really like.

My Personal Ethics and What They Mean to Me Essay Example for Free

My in-person Ethics and What They Mean to Me EssayEveryone has their own personal moral philosophy, for me this means creation honest to my self in everything I do. I use my personal ethics to help in making choices that affect every aspect of my life. Personal ethics for me mean that I choose to be who I am and dont let others effect the way I remember or be befuddle. Ethics are what makes us who we are and how we react to situations. In school it is important to have personal ethics, this helps us to be honest, uphold the academic integrity, and be able to follow the rules that are set for us. When at work, home or while dealing with others your personal ethics come into play.People dont nevertheless realize that they use these every day to make choices that forget affect them. I always think before I say something and how it will affect the other person. There are some who do not do this however, and for them their personal ethics are different. I find it hard to exami ne those who do not have the same kind of personal ethics as myself. I know the reason why others do not think as I do, but it is hard to understand when someone is mean or dishonest and thinks nothing of it. I have always tried to be an honest and caring person.I take care of others and I am responsible for a lot of their personal items. I have to deal with low-toned amounts of their money, cell phones, clothing, and jewelry every day. Without my ethics I would think nothing of taking things that didnt belong to me. I know that I have had coworkers who have done this and I hate that it happened. They of course are no longer working here. It amazes me that people have bad personal ethics that they can even think about doing something to someone who has been placed in their care. I will as long as I live use my personal ethics to make me a better person to all I come in contact with.

Whole Life Cycle Costing Application Barriers Construction Essay

Whole Life Cycle Costing Application Barriers Construction EssayEllingham and Fawcett (2006, p. 18) indicate that the net present value method for evaluating an investment cashflow was frontmost developed about 50 years ago and is widely used in many spheres. In property and pull projects it has acquired a special lift whole- lifetime be. In fact, whole-life following is simply the occupation of net present value analysis to construction projects.Most people will confused about the bound of life-cycle cost, whole life be, and whole life-cycle costing. As stated in Boussabaine and Kirkham teach (2004, p. 4), prior to the 1970s, investment decisions made by most clients, developers and professionals was solely on the primer coat of capital cost. It appear a thought that spending to a greater extent in capital cost will realize substantial cost savings in long term compared with a cheaper alternative, which we k straightawayn as terotechnology. This opinion was largely ignore d because the lack of available selective information and collection mechanisms, and it shown that investor had no interest in the subsequent operational cost of the structure.In the early 1970s, the term cost-in-use appear in the industry. It was recognized the concept of cost in use could apply to building and critical structures as to calculate the expenditure related to the operation of an as constitute. However, it also failed to consider the necessity for accurate future cost forecasting. It required whatever mental of technology to facilitate this problem (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 5).Until the mid to late 1970s, life-cycle costing emerged as a solution to this problem. It fostered a wide-ranging approach to cost appraisal, encompassing whole perceivable cost from construction through to eventual disposal the whole life. By using a variety of forecasting techniques, the analyst was able to savet how increase capital cost could be offset by long-term cost saving s (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 5). As stated by Ashworth (1989), LCC is clearly a technique, which (at least(prenominal) in theory) has a potential for the correct financial evaluation of construction works. In should be noted that the concepts of LCC are not new. The principles are found upon economic theories, which countenance been used in investment appraisal in many areas of industrial and commercial activity.White and Ostwald (Korpi and Ala-Risku, 2008, p.241) show that LCC was originally designed for procurement purposes in the US Department of Defence and Woodward (Korpi and Ala-Risku, 2008, p.241) indicates that LCC is used most commonly in the military sector as well as in the construction industry.Towards the late 1990s, the concept of whole life costing and whole life-cycle costing emerged. The terms whole life costing and whole life-cycle costing are interchangeable (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 6). Whole life-cycle costing is a relatively new concept to the construction industry. It is essence an evolution of life-cycle costing techniques that are commonly used in many areas of procurement (Boussabaine and Kirkham, 2004, p. 3). theoretically speaking, there is no different between LCC, WLC and WLCC. Schade (2007, p. 2), in reporting Flanagan and Jewell study, emphasizes that it is just a change of term form cost in use to life cycle costing and further to whole life cycle costing.Problem StatementAccording to Boussabaine and Kirkham (2004, p. xi), the construction industry has recently experienced a paradigmatic shift in its approach to product deliver and the achievement of customer satisfaction. Where previously the design and construction teams placed a heavy emphasis on delivering buildings at the lowest capital cost, a greater awareness and desire to consider cost over the whole life of the building have prevailed. Clients now want buildings that demonstrate value for money over the long term, and are not interested simply in the design solution which is the least expensive. These changes have lead to and highlighted the substantial of whole life-cycle costing approaches to the design, construction and operation of buildings.Schade (2007) claims that, production cost is the main cost factor in construction and is often set to the minimum in commonly, which does not necessarily improve the lifetime performance of buildings. Therefore, it is important to show the construction client in the early design course the relationship between design choices and the consequenceing lifetime cost.Boussabaine and Kirkham (2004, p. ix) also note that the award of public construction contracts based on simply the lowest capital cost bid is no longer recognized as good practice best value must be taken into account and thereby WLCC should be fully appraised as part of the decision making process.The research of Swaffield and McDonald (2007, p. 132) identify that contractors quantity surveyors generally did consider LCC when procuring new products/elements for Private Finance Initiative projects, but in certain circumstances, much(prenominal) as during exceptionally busy times or when working within tight construction budgets, LCC were not considered and procurement decisions for some product/elements were made on the basis of lowest capital cost.As Byron A. Ellis (2007, p.1) said, Designers, engineers and constructors are under pressure from owners to minimize total project cost. Unfortunately, many owners do not understand the concept of total project cost. As a result, they seek to minimize acquisition (first) cost. Economists Alchian and Allen (Byron, 2007, p.1) argue that the term cost should never be used by itself they noted that it should always be identified with total, average, or marginal.According to Fischer et al (Tah and Aouad, 2007), although the significance of LCC has been recognized as early as 1980s, the authentic implementation has not been very satisfied due to two major ba rricades first barrier is the historical data of building operation and maintenance. Second barrier is the complexity of the procedures and algorithms of calculating the LCC. For example, a building concern thousands of elements and construction method and maintenance activities. A simple change in the building material great power take long hours of recalculations, it is therefore difficult to assist users to manipulate the large design and LCC analysis.However, even the idea of WLCC analysis is to help the owner to examine a economically alternative, there will always have the possibility of misleading the decision making by the error result of WLCC due to lack of data or unpredictable changes. There have no such as 100% accuracy for WLCC analysis because the limitation of forecast ability of human existence are impossible to forecast everything that could be happen in future. This paper addresses the problems above by providing a detail discussion of WLCC for assisting and simp lifying the application of the technique based on the WLCC in construction industry. At the same time reveal the popularity of application of WLCC in Malaysian construction industry.AimTo identified the barriers of applying whole life-cycle costing and investigate the popularity of implementation of whole life-cycle costing in Malaysian construction industryObjectivesTo review the important of usage of whole life-cycle costing in construction industry.To identify the barriers of application of whole-life cycle costing in construction industry.To analyse the factors affecting the accuracy of whole-life cycle costing.To investigate the popularity of application of whole-life cycle costing in Malaysian construction industry.Scope of StudyThe concept of Whole life-cycle costing (WLCC) can be use as many sector, to narrow the scope of study, the study will only be focus on the construction industries. Besides that, case study would not conduct to the project for the calculation of WLCC b ecause it will be extremely difficult to obtain the large quantity of information across the long term of a building life cycle and data such as the project operation and maintenance cost, replacement cost, disposal cost could be confidential to its owners. Thus, to manually collect this data has to be very dearly-won and time consuming and the missing of any result above will cause inaccurate of result. This study will focus on reviewing the important of application of WLCC into construction industry. The first issue to be study in deep is the discussion on the principles, advantages and purposes of WLCC analysis. The second issue is to identify the error and the difficulties of applying WLCC due to lack of necessary information and unpredictable changes. The third issue is to do a research on the fellow feeling of WLCC among owners and their frequency of applying WLCC.Research MethodologyThe methodology should be targeted at a consistent whole life-cycle costing (WLCC) approach and calculations and should not be aimed at reducing costs but at making much informed and consistent economic, financial and environmental decisions. The study was conducting in four stages. The first phase is the literature review. Second phase will be call into question pilot study to the issue. Third phase will be constructing questionnaires. The last phase is to writing the research report.First stageThe literature review started with the important of application of WLCC and required data for a WLCC analysis. Searching of article about WLCC and the searching key words would be whole life-cycle costing, whole cycle costing and life-cycle costing. And the information of search will be limited into construction industry to filtered unnecessary information. The main sources for the literature research were databases, such as Emerald, web of science, Google and subroutine library of college Tunku Abdul Rahman.Second stageData collection will take form of a structured postal quest ionnaire. However an initial pilot study whitethorn be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through interviews with relevant parties.Third stageQuestionnaires will be conduct and send to respondent. The main ideas of the questionnaires are to test the owners of understanding about WLCC, and also research on the preferable of low initial cost or low WLCC when owner make decision of choosing alternatives. The questionnaire should be highlighted more prominently, to make it easier for respondents to participate in the final questionnaire survey.Last stageThis stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapters proposed in the following section. The result of interview and questionnaires will be analysis and conclude. Example of WLCC analysis will provide by searching through media resources and calculate by myself with simple and frankness assumption based on the WLCC principles.

Optical and Surface Studies of α-Al2O3 Powders

Optical and Surface Studies of -Al2O3 PowdersX-Ray Diffraction, Optical and surface studies of -Al2O3 powders synthe surfaced via single step solution combustion methodABSTRACT-Al2O3 powders were synthesized at 500 C via solution combustion synthesis (SCS) proficiency using urea as an organic fuel. The try was characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Optical spectrum analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) without each further thermal treatment. XRD study reveals that exemplar crystallized directly in the hexagonal -Al2O3 phase from combustion reaction. Average crystallite size of 37.6 nm was metrical using Debye-Scherrers formula. A band gap of 5.68 eV was estimated using diffuse reflectance spectra. Under various UV excitations (260 nm and 400 nm), the sample exhibits a strong firing off card at 693 nm. For surface investigation X-ray photo electron spectroscopy of sample was carried out. XPS survey stare of -Al2O3 reveals that no other impurity phases were pr esent in the as synthesized sample which supports the results obtained from XRD. Further to understand the chemical states of Al and O, core level spectra of Al-2s and O-1s were studied.INTRODUCTIONAmong all the know crystallographic phases of alumina, -Al2O3 is the only stable phase. It represents a ceramic material with a large number of technological importances. This is mainly due to its versatile properties, such as high-pitched melting point, thermal shock resistance, excellent mechanical strength at room temperature and high temperature, large band-gap, hardness and abrasion resistance, chemical inertness 1. These extra customary properties are responsible for -Al2O3 to be employ in various applications such as spark-plugs, ballistic armours 2, abrasives, bioceramics 3, cutting tools 4, electronic components and substrates 5, thermo luminescent dosimeters 6, refractory materials, composite materials 7. tho the compounds and composites of -Al2O3 likewise feel wide range of applications in various industrial areas such as high-density ceramics 8, 9, biocompatible ceramics 10, and thermal barrier coatings with scurvy thermal conductivities 11, 12. The high temperature-resistant of Al2O3 coatings occupy various applications in space and competency crosswayion technologies 13. Since 1961 polycrystalline logical alumina (Al2O3) has found various optical applications 14. Single phase -Al2O3 nanopowders are also important component for solid state fabrication of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) transparent laser ceramics 15, 16.There are several techniques used for the synthesis of -Al2O3. In literature there are reports available for the synthesis of single-phase -Al2O3 powders using urea 1, 1719, carbohydrazide 20 or hydrazine 21 as fuels, without any further heat treatments. Several authors have reported two step method for the synthesis of -Al2O3 such as reverse micelle 22, solgel processing 23, flame spray pyrolysis 24 which require calcinations at 10001100 C to obtain completely phase pure -Al2O3.In the present paper, we report the optical and surface properties of as synthesized -Al2O3 powder by the low temperature solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique. Urea was used as an organic fuel for combustion because it has proven to be the best fuel for combustion of aluminum treat 1, 17.EXPERIMENTAL-Al2O3 powders were synthesized by low temperature solution combustion synthesis (SCS) using urea as a fuel. The starting materials for the synthesis of -Al2O3 were high-purity aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Al (NO3)3.9H2O and urea (H2NCONH2) from Merck Chemicals, India. The reagents were weighed according to the chemical reaction given in equation (1) in the molar stoichiometric proportionality of 25. The oxidizer to fuel symmetry was calculate using the oxidizing and reducing vacancies of reactants in equation (1). For a complete combustion reaction the ratio of oxidizer () and fuel () should be unity, because at this ratio maximum heat is produced.The weighed reactants were mixed in agate mortar by adding few drops of deionized water at room temperature till the solution transform into a transparent viscous gel. The gel was transferred to a Borosil beaker and then introduced to a preheated muffle furnace around 500 C. The gel undergoes rapid dehydration with evolution of large amount of gasses and burn down with an incandescent flame yielding voluminous white product. The whole combustion process was completed within 2-3 minutes. The beaker was then taken out and the resultant product was grounded into a fine powder and was characterized without any further treatment. The crystalline structure and particle morphology of the combusted powders were investigated using a standard diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance) in the 2 geometry with see step of 0.02 and Cu K radiation (=1.5406 ). Diffused reflectance spectrum was recorded using ISR assembly attached with Shimadzu UV-2600 Double beam spectrophotomet er in the region 190-1400 nm. The phantasmal features like photoluminescence excitation and emission (in phosphorescence mode) spectra were measured using a Cary-Eclipse spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu) equipped with a Xenon lamp used as an excitation rise. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) bar was performed using Omicron energy analyzer (EA-125) with Al K (1486.6 eV) X-ray source. The background vacuum in the analyzer chamber was of the order of 10-10 Torr during the XPS measurement. All these depiction were carried out at room temperature.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 XRDThe crystal structure and phase purity of the as synthesized Al2O3 powders were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Fig.1. shows the XRD patterns of as synthesized Al2O3 powders recorded in a wide range of Bragg angle 2 (20 2 90). All the observed diffraction peaks can be indexed with the hexagonal phase of bulk -Al2O3 cite in the JCPDs file no. 71-1123 with space group R. No other impur ity peaks were observed in the as synthesized powder neglecting the presence of any other phase other than -Al2O3. These XRD patterns were in good agreement with the earlier published reports by Robert Ianos et al. 1 and Laishram et al. 17 for the -Al2O3 phase. The lattice parameter calculated from XRD pattern were (a = b= 4.755 , c =12.985 ) which were very close when compared with the unit cell of -Al2O3 (a = b= 4.761 , c =12.99 , JCPDs file No. 71-1123).The crystallite size was calculated using Debye-Scherer formula 25where D is the crystallite diameter, is the wavelength of x-ray source used (Cu K = 0.1506 nm), is the full width at half maxima (FWHM) of an individual peak at 2 (where is the Bragg angle) and is characteristic of the instrument broadening.Fig.1. XRD pattern of as synthesized -Al2O3 powders at 500 C along with the stick patterns for the JCPDS file no. 71-1123Three most intense peaks were selected for the calculation of particle size and calculated particle size for -Al2O3 was 37.6 nm.3.2 Spectral StudyFig. 2 shows the diffuse reflectance and the engrossment spectra of -Al2O3. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) compound was used as a fibre standard during the measurement. In both spectra a sharp band around 220 nm is observed which corresponds that light having this particular wavelength was absorbed.Fig.2. The diffuse reflectance and absorption spectra of the -Al2O3 powders.Calculation of bandgap.KubelkaMunk (KM) 26 theory was used for the calculation of bandgap of -Al2O3 powders using diffused reflectance (DR) spectrum. In a DR spectrum, the ratio of the light scattered from a thick layer of sample and an ideal non-absorbing citation sample is measured as a function of the wavelength , 26, 27. The relation between the DR of the sample, scattering coefficient (S) and absorption coefficient (K) is given bywhere is the KubelkaMunk or remission function.The linear absorption coefficient and the band gap of a material is related through the well-kn own relation known as Tauc relation 28 3where h is the photon energy and C1 is a constant of proportionality. When incident light is illuminated at 60, the material scatters perfectly in a diffuse manner then absorption coefficient K becomes equal to 2 i.e. . Considering the K-M scattering coefficient S as constant with respect to wavelength, and using equations (2) and (3), the following expression can be written 4Obtaining the rate of from Eq. 2 and plotting versus, the value of is obtained by extrapolating the linear fitted regions to Figure 3 shows the square of the optical absorption times the photon energy as a function of photon energy for -Al2O3 powders. In the present case (-Al2O3), the band gap was estimated around 5.68 eV. Aguilar et al. 29 calculated an optical energy band gap of 5.63 eV for Al2O3 films deposited on quartz substrate.Fig.3. push button bandgap calculation of -Al2O3 using K-M functions.PhotoluminescenceFig. 4 (a) shows the photoluminescence excitation ( PLE) spectra of -Al2O3 recorded at an emission wavelength of 695 nm, the excitation spectra consists of a broad band centered at 400 nm. Fig. 4 (b) shows the PL emission spectra of -Al2O3 monitored at excitation wavelengths of 260 nm and 400 nm respectively. An intense peak at 693 nm is observed. Similar results were also observed by Kaplyanskiiet al. 30 and Nagabhushana et al. 31 for -Al2O3. Kaplyanskiiet al. 30 refer that this emission peak may be due to crystal lattice belonging to the phase of Al2O3.Fig.4. Photoluminescence spectra of as synthesized -Al2O3 (a) excitation recorded at emm = 695 nm and (b) emission recorded at ext = 260 nm and 400 nm.3.3 Surface StudiesIn material science, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has proved to be a powerful analytical technique that can be used to study the elemental composition and the oxidation states.Figure 5 shows the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey scan of the -Al2O3 powders. The XPS survey scan of the -Al2O3 in dicates that only Al, O and C are present in the sample corresponding to their binding energies. Carbon was the only impurity present in the sample which was expected. The positions of various photoemission peaks are marked in the survey scan corresponding to the elements present in the as synthesized sample. To further understand the chemical states of Al and O ions in -Al2O3 powder we have further performed the detailed scan for O-1s and Al-2s core spectra. The value corresponding to C 1s peak (284.6 eV) was used as a reference for spectrum analysis.Fig.5. Survey Scan of as synthesized -Al2O3 powder.Figure 6 shows the XPS detailed scan for the O-1s core level. The raw data was fitted with combined Gausssian Lorentzian functions. The fitted peak shows only one self-aggrandising peak which is centered at 529.70 eV and is attributed to the Al-O bonding in the -Al2O3 structure. Figure 7 shows the narrow scan for the Al 2s core level. Only one peak is observed after fitting which is centered at 118.95 eV. These narrow scan spectra of O-1s and Al-2s shows that all the O2- ions are bonded to Al3+ ions in the sample. Thus the chemical state of Oxygen and aluminium is -2 and+3 respectively in the lattice. Rotole et al. 32 observed O-1s peak at 530.68 eV and Al-2s peak at 118.93 eV for standard -Al2O3. The difference in the binding energies may be due to the highly insulating nature of the sample.Fig. 6 XPS core level spectra of O 1s in -Al2O3 powder.Fig. 7 XPS core level spectra of Al 2s in -Al2O3 powder. final resultIn summary, the -Al2O3 powders were successfully prepared by low temperature solution combustion method with metal nitrate reactants and urea as organic fuel. The XRD results confirm that hexagonal phase of -Al2O3 could be obtained directly by combustion method at 500 C without any further treatment. The band gap of sample was calculated using diffused reflectance spectra and it was found estimated 5.68 eV. Under UV excitations, the powders exhibit a strong emission peak around 693 nm. XPS results show that as synthesized powders were emancipate from impurities. The core level spectra of Al-2s and O-1s reveals that chemical state of Al and O is +3 and +2 respectively in -Al2O3.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors humbly acknowledged Director, UGC-DAE CSR Indore for providing experimental facility. The authors are appreciative to Dr. M. Gupta for XRD measurements. The authors are grateful to Mr. A. Wadikar for helping in XPS measurements.REFRENCESR. Ianos I. Lazau and C. Pacurariu, J. Mater. Sci. 44, 1016 (2009).A.Y. Badmos and D.G. Ivey, J. Mater. Sci. 36, 4995 (2001).D. Gitknecht, J. Chevalier, V. Garnier and G. Fantozzi, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 1547 (2007).E. Volceanov, A. Volceanov and S. Stoleriu, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 759 (2007).S. Menecier, J. Jarrige, J.C. Labbe and P.L. Lefort, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 851 (2007).V.S. Kiiko, Y.N. Makurin, A.A. Safronov, A.N. Enyashin and A.L. Ivanovskii, Refract. Ind. Ceram. 44, 94 (2003).T.M. Ulyanova, L.V. Titova and N.P. Krutko Glass. Ceram. 59, 279 (2002).G.R. Karagedov and N.Z. Lyakhov, Nanostruct. Mater. 11, 559 (1999).J. Chandradass, K. H. Kim, D. S. Bae, K. Prasad, G. Balachandar, S.A.S. Divya and M. Balasubramanian, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 29, 2219 (2009).L. G. Gutwein and T. J. Websterles, Biomaterials 25, 4175 (2004).G. Muer and R. Vaben, Surface Engineering 27, 477 (2011).T. Hejwowski, Vacuum 85, 610 (2010).N.P. Padture, M. Gell and E.H. Jordan, Science 296, 280 (2002).R.L. Coble, Transparent alumina and method of preparation. US secure 3,026,210, January 3 (1961).S. H. Lee, S. Kochawattana, G. L. Messing, J. Q. Dumm, G. Quarles and V. Castillo, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 1945 (2006).J. Li, Y. Wu, Y. Pan, W. Liu, L. An, S. Wang and J. Guo, Front. Chem. Eng. China 2, 248 (2008).K. Laishram, R. Mann and N. Malhan, Ceramic International 38, 1703 (2012).T. Mimani, Resonance 5, 50 (2000).T. Mimani and K.C. Patil, Mater. Phys. Mech. 4, 134 (2001).C. C. Chen and K.T. Huang, J. Mater. Res. 20, 424 (2005).O. Ozuna, G.A. Hirata and J. McKittrick, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 16, 2585 (2004).J. Chandradass and D.S. Bae, Mater. Manuf. Proc. 23, 494 (2008).F. Mirjalili, M. Hasmaliza and L. Chuah Abdullah, Ceram. Int. 36, 1253 (2010).A.I.Y. Tok, F.Y.C. Boey and X.L. Zhao, J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 178, 270 (2006).B.D. Cullity, Element of X-ray Diffraction, second ed., Addison-Wesley, MA (1972).A. E. Morales, E. S. Mora and U. Pal Rev. Mex. Fis S 53, 18 (2007).S. Som and S.K.Sharma, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 45, 415102 (2012).R.A. Smith, Semiconductors, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, (1978).M. A. Frutis, M. Garcia and C. Falcony, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1700 (1998).A. A. Kaplyanskii, A. B. Kulinkin, A. B. Kutsenko, S. P. Feofilov, R. I. Zakharchenya and T. N. Vasilevskaya, Phys. Solid State 40, 1310 (1998).K. R. Nagabhushana, B. N. Lakshminarasappa and Fouran Singh, Bull. Mater. Sci. 32, 515 (2009).John A. Rotole and Peter M.A. Sherwood , Surface Science Spectra 5, 11 (1998).

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and Society

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and SocietyThe three branches of sympathetic sciences (Social sciences), Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology be interlinked in that they try to describe the antithetical aras of mankind life and their relationships to each opposite. They offer an explanation on human port and in the troupe they live. Furthermore, these neighborly sciences provide essential skills in analyzing the intentions and behavior of individuals and gatherings they encounter. Individual identity is forged by ones coating, groups, and by institutional influences. Institutions much(prenominal) as families, schools and correct churches greatly influence human beings yet these institutions are merely organizations whose aim is to stand up the core favorable values of its constituents.In discussing heathenish innovation on the lieus of the three social sciences there is a need to fall upon in the protestence between culture and connection. This is bec ause the all the three disciplines explore culture and society to understand human behavior in depth. The term Culture has many different meanings, for some it is the appreciation of art, literature, music and food, while for others like biologists they take it as a colony of microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory. However for social scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. Cultures are traditions and customs, transmitted through learning and adaptations. Children obtain such traditions by growing up in a certain society, through a process called enculturation. A culture results into a degree of uniformity in behavior and thought among the inhabitants of a particular society (Baugher et. al, 2000, p. 4). The terms culture and society are different as cultures are considered to be complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions while society is a group of interacting organisms. Therefore this paper will critically analyze c ultural mixed bag based on the three social sciences, evaluating the social sciences similarities and differences.DiscussionAnthropological perspective of culture renewalWhen it comes to understanding diversity in cultures, the anthropological view can help humanity understand and appreciate the complexness of diverse cultures. This discipline involves the study of biological and cultural origins of the human. The fount matter of anthropology is wide-ranging, including, fossil remains, non human primate anatomy and behavior, artifacts from past cultures, past and present spoken languages, and all the prehistoric and contemporary cultures of the field.The subfield of cultural anthropology is the most comm entirely canvas and useful in analyzing and interpreting the diverse cultures of the world. In recent years, recognition of the need for multicultural awareness, understanding, and skills has grown in our society. The aim is to achieve multicultural diversity competence, whic h is a term that refers to the ability to demonstrate respect and understanding, to communicate effectively, and to work with different cultural backgrounds (George Fischer, 1999, p. 71). These diversities in culture encompass differences in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, social class and physical appearance. Misunderstandings and conflicts in the society are two major consequences of lack of awareness in the ever increasing cultural diversity. Cultural anthropology explains cultural diversity through aspects of social life such as material culture, social organizations, politics, economics, symbolism, change and development, ethnicity and modern nation-state formation.In explaining and interpreting the diverse cultures, anthropology uses ethnography- describing particular cultures and ethnology- comparing two or more cultures. In addition it incorporates the holistic approach in cultural studies by studying biological and cultural aspects of human beh avior encompassing the broadest possible time frame by looking at contemporary, historic and prehistoric societies examining human culture in every part of the world and studies many different aspects of human culture (George Fischer, 1999, p.68).Cultural diversity is relevant to a cultural approach in learning, in that learning and motivational styles and foil cultural pedagogical strategies assume attention to diversity in learner populations and pluralistic learning outcomes. The data, concepts and insights derived from the study of other cultures helps us meet our professional goals and select more satisfying lives in a multicultural society (Herdman Macmillan, 2010, p. 23). Moreover, the process of studying anthropology is also worthful because of the skills and competencies that it helps to develop. Activities such as taking courses about different cultures, participating in local internships and international organizations, living in the universitys international dormitor y, and participating in study abroad programs all combine to provide students with valuable skills in understanding diverse cultures hence achieve multicultural diverse competence.There is a need to come up with a strategy to stimulate cultural diversity, for example, in the United states of America the freedom to pursue ones individual dream and fortunes in the united states has produced a widening gap between the haves and have- nons. accord to Herdman and Mcmillian, 2010, managing directors in United States of America made forty times as oftentimes compared to the average worker in 1973 and three hundred as much in 2004. At the same time, earnings of middle class were growing slightly and those of lower class were actually shrinking. This situation to a European counseling of life that the state is working against well being of the population, particularly in light of tax cuts during this period. Another instance is when expressing feelings of affection which is typical for all human. The manner in which the affection is expressed is cultural, the kiss is not universally accepted as a symbol of affection some societies consider it suggestive of cannibalism.A base anthropological strategy for understanding other cultures is to look at a cultural feature from within its original context rather than looking at it from the perspective of ones own culture being inquisitive, non-judgmental, and open to new ways of thinking is vital in understanding other cultures Balancing contradictory needfully instead of trying to eliminate them emphasize global team work develop a cognitive complex which is made up of twin abilities of differentiating and consolidation and developing a personal acuity (Naylor, 1997, p. 157). The strategy will not only help you personally in understanding other cultures but incite you in integrating to any culture globally.Sociological perspective on Cultural diversenessSociology is critical analysis of the society in which humans li ve. state who make sense of the social world-past, present and future- are referred to as sociologists (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 8). Sociologists research on social structures such as class, family, politics, social problems like drug pace and crime all of which influence the society. Social interaction amongst humans is the basic sociological concept, because all humans and groups that make up a society socialize. Specialists who cogitate on particular details of specific interactions as they occur daily are called micro sociologists and those that focus on larger patterns of interactions amongst larger sections of the society such as state and economy are called macro sociologists.A society is rarely culturally uniform hence the result of different cultures. As societies develop and become more complex, different cultural traditions appear. The more complex the society, the more likely the culture will be internally varied and diverse. The causes of cultural changes in a soci ety are cultural diffusion, innovation, and imposition of cultural change by outside world (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 72).Two concepts from sociology help in understanding complexity of culture in a given society, dominant culture and subcultures. Dominant culture is the culture of the most powerful group in the society. Although it is not the only culture in society, it is commonly referred to be the culture of a society, despite other cultures present. Subcultures on the other hand are cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ from those of the dominant culture. Members of subcultures tend to interact frequently and share a common world view.Sociology stipulates that culture consists of both material objects and abstract thoughts and behavior. Several elements which sociologists consider in understanding culture diversity are language, norms, beliefs and values (Kaufman, 2004, p. 7). manner of speaking Learning the language of a culture is essential to becoming part of a society. Language shapes culture as it provides the categories through which social reality is understood. This was proved by Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Worf in the 1950s through their theory called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The hypothesis states, it is not that you perceive something first and then think of how to express it, but that language itself determines what you think and perceive (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 83). In understanding cultural diversity language is seen to glisten the assumptions of a culture. This is seen and exemplified by language affecting peoples perception of reality Language reflecting the social and political status of different groups in society Groups advocating changing language referring to them as a way of asserting positive group identity The implications of language emerging from specific historical and cultural contexts language distorting actual group experience language shaping peoples perceptions of groups and events i n society.Norms They are specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation. Lack of norms in any society results in turmoil however, with established norms people would be able to act, behave and interact in a society properly. In the early years of sociology, William whole wheat flour Summer in 1906 identified two types of norms folkways and mores. Folkways are ecumenical standards of behavior adhered to by a group, example wearing pants and not skirts for men. Mores are stricter mores which are seen to control moral and ethical behaviors such as injunctions, legal and religious.Beliefs They are shared ideas people hold collectively within a given culture, and these beliefs are also the basis of many cultural norms and values, example in USA there is a widespread belief in God. Sociology study belief in a variety of ways, and each theoretical mentation provides different insights into the significance of beliefs for human society.Values They are abstract standa rds in a society or group that defines the ideal principles of what is desirable and morally correct, for example in USA equality and freedom are important values which provide a general outline for behavior. Values provide values for behavior, but can also be sources of conflict like the political conflict over abortion.Understanding the intravenous feeding elements of sociology enables proper integration in any society. Integration into the society is achieved by respecting the diverse cultures that are found in a society. Sociology studies culture in a variety of ways, asking numerous questions about the relationship of culture to other social institutions and the role of culture in modern life. The new cultural perspective on culture according to Naylor, 1997, is that it is ephemeral, unpredictable and constantly changing is a material manifestation of consumer-oriented society and is best understood by analyzing its artifacts- books, films, television images. mental Perspectiv e on Culture DiversitySocial psychology a subfield of psychology has its origins in the early years of the twentieth century. Its findings do not necessarily concern human thinking throughout history but rather meet the requirements of our modern society. Social psychology research aims to capture the interplay between social thinking and socio-historical dynamics in order to understand how societies function and how culture is produced (Xenia, 2004, p. 13). Psychology is distinguished from neighboring social sciences through its emphasis on studying samples of organisms within controlled settings rather than focusing upon larger groups, organizations or nations. Psychologists test the specific results of changes in a controlled environment on the individual in that environment, but there are strongly set procedures through which organisms are tested psychometrically.There is a big debate in psychology and more generally in social sciences how to define culture. In some definitions the concept of culture includes behavior, in the sense that our behaviors are expressions of our culture. Other definitions emphasize that participating in a culture means having understanding of our world. However with trying to find a consensual definition of this concept, the main argument of researchers in psychology is to highlight how important it is to take into account the cultural context in which psychological studies were conducted (Kerr Tindale, 2011). They were right to point out that humans are linked to the social context in which they live, proving that psychological functioning and human behavior are universal and culture specific.Sharing a culture means that people have a common way of viewing their relationship with the social and physical environment of communicating their thoughts and emotions of prioritizing their activities of dividing tasks and resources of attributing values, honors, and power (Xenia, 2004, pp.17-18). When they do not share the above listed elements then culture diversity occurs from a psychological point of view. The people of diverse cultures are not like minded hence the question is, whether individuals from diverse cultures can coexist harmoniously in time space and under the same political and social organizations? The answer to this question provides the idea of how to cope with culture diversity.Various cultures flourish from the recognition that they compensate a set of beliefs, modes of thinking and practices that are peculiar to them and different from others. Some cultures are more inclusive example western cultures, others refer to a belittled group of people for instance the Basque culture, but each one of them is important for its members because they represent the way they construct their social reality, and provides them with action alternatives.ConclusionCulture Diversity has been discussed using the three social science disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology and Psychology. Even though all of them have a similarity of trying to understand culture diversity in humans, they are different in terms of how they approach the study. Anthropology looks at culture diversity at the perspective of humanity, his origin and through aspects of social life such as ethnicity, symbolism, politics, race and so on. Anthropology explains that the origin of culture diversity is through mankind hence the concentration a human perspective.Sociology looks at the society which humans live so as to explain culture diversity. It states that elements such as language, beliefs, norms, and values are what bring about culture diversities. Psychology on the other hand analyses culture diversity with focus entirely on internal factors that influence individuals. Therefore the three social sciences provide an understanding of culture diversity and a basis of respecting other cultures.

Starship Troopers Essay -- Analysis, Heinlein

The Novum presented in Starship Troopers is the rule of the Veterans and the resulting primacy of the phalanx. This Novum sets the novel up as a utopic pandering to a readership demographic that the author himself is a member of. This is a normative sci-fi construction. Starship Troopers deviates in that the true target readership is the juvenility man who has not yet been given a chance to join up. He is meant to take on a favorable mind of the military man by sharing in his dream. The dream then - the world created is the persuasive device.Heinlein begins by claiming historical inevitability for his Novum. Once our decadent refinement falls, the veterans as the f movement best equipped to counter anarchy, will just take everyplace police and then administration functions. Further, those early veterans, since they were finding it necessary to flux some veterans, decided that, if they had to do this, they werent going to let any bleedin unprintable civilians have any cit e about it. (198). Which is to say that the distinction between pass and civilian was built on the soldiers resentment of their task. This implies that the soldiers blame the societal collapse on the decadence of the civilians. This is part countered when veterans are stated to be just as likely to commit a crime as non-veterans (199) but more fully reaffirmed when it is stated that democracy failed because the bulk had been led to believe that they could simply vote for whatever they wanted(76). Regardless, this is where Heinlein introduces his system of franchise, and it too is conceptualized as an organic and obvious development. These two classes are essential as the book is a bildungsroman and its action is of comparison between the t... ...the appeal of the life of the soldier and even of the validity of his Novum as a government form (he makes explicit reference to Technocracy, the nearest like (199)). I do find the argument convincing, but perhaps not as much for th e younger reader. The best advantages of military service presented are defer and contentment, in short, the ending drive - the desire to live less a desire I hope is not easily formed in the young reader. The arguments for the superiority of the military man are less convincing since they rely on a pretty problematic altruism founded on species survival over the individual but they are serviceable and no one debates with someone who wants to sacrifice himself anyways. Overall, if the capitalist game of meritocracy appears a bend too rigged and the death drive kicks in a bit early, military service is shown to be a good option. Starship Troopers Essay -- Analysis, HeinleinThe Novum presented in Starship Troopers is the rule of the Veterans and the resulting primacy of the military. This Novum sets the novel up as a utopic pandering to a readership demographic that the author himself is a member of. This is a normative sci-fi construction. Starship Troopers devia tes in that the true target readership is the young man who has not yet been given a chance to join up. He is meant to gain a favorable understanding of the military man by sharing in his dream. The dream then - the world created is the persuasive device.Heinlein begins by claiming historical inevitability for his Novum. Once our decadent civilization falls, the veterans as the faction best equipped to counter anarchy, will simply take over police and then government functions. Further, those early veterans, since they were finding it necessary to hang some veterans, decided that, if they had to do this, they werent going to let any bleedin unprintable civilians have any say about it. (198). Which is to say that the distinction between soldier and civilian was built on the soldiers resentment of their task. This implies that the soldiers blame the societal collapse on the decadence of the civilians. This is partially countered when veterans are stated to be just as likely to com mit a crime as non-veterans (199) but more fully reaffirmed when it is stated that democracy failed because the people had been led to believe that they could simply vote for whatever they wanted(76). Regardless, this is where Heinlein introduces his system of franchise, and it too is conceptualized as an organic and obvious development. These two classes are essential as the book is a bildungsroman and its action is of comparison between the t... ...the appeal of the life of the soldier and even of the validity of his Novum as a government form (he makes explicit reference to Technocracy, the nearest equivalent (199)). I do find the argument convincing, but perhaps not as much for the younger reader. The best advantages of military service presented are acquiesce and contentment, in short, the death drive - the desire to live less a desire I hope is not well formed in the young reader. The arguments for the superiority of the military man are less convincing since they rely on a pretty problematic altruism founded on species survival over the individual but they are serviceable and no one debates with someone who wants to sacrifice himself anyways. Overall, if the capitalist game of meritocracy appears a bit too rigged and the death drive kicks in a bit early, military service is shown to be a good option.

Condolezza Rice :: Biography Biographies Bio

IntroductionI.When I say the words Condoleezza Rice, some of you are inquire what it was that I just said.A.Some may think Im speaking another language.B.Others may know that this is a persons name.II.When I first heard the name Condoleezza Rice, I didnt know who she was either.III.Today, I am here to tell you about Condoleezza Rice, our Secretary of State.IV. I will tell you about her childhood life, what she did before she became involved with politics, and how her semipolitical career started.(Let me start by telling you a little information about when she was a little girl.)BodyI.Condoleezza Rice claims that her childhood taught her determination against adversity.A. born(p) on November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama, Condoleezza Rice grew up in the South during the time of the civil rights movement.1.She was the only child of Reverend John Wesley and Angelena Rice.a)Her bring was a parson at Westminister Presbyterian Church.b)Her mother was a pianist, an organist, and a mu sic teacher.2.During the time her mother was a music teacher, she named her child Condoleezza because it was an Italian musical term that meant with sweetness.B.When Condoleezza turned octonary years old, she was attending school during the Brown vs. Board of Education.1.She was affected by this because she lost one of her classmates.2.The little girls name was Denise McNair and she was killed in a church bombing.C.At the age of 15, Condoleezzas goal was to become a pianist.1.At first she studied at a music camp.2.When she finished there, she moved to Colorado and attended the University of Denver, where her father taught a class called The Black Experience in America.D.But then she decided to change her mind about being a pianist and became interest in politics1.She then took a course on International Politics, which was taught by Josef Korbel. With this, she became interested with the Soviet Union and international relations2.She began to call her teacher one of the most central figures in my life.(Now that you have heard her about her childhood, let me continue with her career.)II.Although she spent a lot of years in school, Condoleezza achieved her career and became a part of many different businesses.A.After graduating high school, Condoleezza attended the University of Denver.1.When she was 19, she real her bachelors degree in political science and Phi Beta Kappa , later she received her masters degree from the University of Norte Dame afterwards2.When she turned 21, she decided to change her political affiliation from Democratic to Republican.